Factores relacionados con el efecto de fármacos antagonistas de la vitamina K / Fatores relacionados ao efeito de drogas antagonistas da vitamina K / Factors related to the effect of vitamin K antagonist drugs

Introducción: la prescripción de fármacos inhibidores de la vitamina K exige el control del efecto anticoagulante. Objetivo: caracterizar a los pacientes con antecedentes de tratamiento con warfarina sódica al momento del ingreso en la unidad de terapia intensiva del Hospital General Docente Dr Agostinho Neto durante el periodo 2016- 2018. Método: se realizó estudio analítico, retrospectivo y longitudinal. Se estudiaron 54 pacientes con las características señaladas, que se agruparon en un grupo control (n=16) con anticoagulación adecuada y un grupo estudio (n=38) también con anticoagulación adecuada. Se estudiaron variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y de laboratorio. Resultados: Un total de 16 pacientes presentó nivel adecuado de anticoagulación y en, 38, nivel de anticoagulación fue inadecuado. La warfarina sódica se indicó más en pacientes con prótesis valvular cardiaca mecánica (20,0 por ciento), y en estos fue más común la anticoagulación inadecuada. Los factores más relacionados con la anticoagulación adecuada fueron la supervisión médica frecuente (p=0,0000), que no usaron fármacos que interfieran con la acción del fármaco (p=0,0000) y el cumplimiento del tratamiento (p=0,0000). En 22 pacientes se presentaron complicaciones hemorrágicas y la más común fue la hemorragia cerebral y, 16, presentaron complicaciones tromboembólicas y la más frecuente fue el embolismo cerebral. Fallecieron 3 pacientes por complicaciones hemorrágicas y 9 por complicaciones tromboembólicas. En 21 pacientes la indicación del fármaco fue inapropiada. Conclusiones: se revela la necesidad del control de la adecuada adherencia terapéutica del paciente pues el inadecuado efecto anticoagulante genera complicaciones que pueden determinar la muerte del paciente(AU)

Introduction: the prescription of vitamin K inhibitor drugs requires control of the anticoagulant effect. Objective: to characterize patients with a history of treatment with warfarin sodium at the time of admission to the intensive care unit of the General Teaching Hospital Dr Agostinho Neto during the 2016-2018 period. Method: an analytical, retrospective and longitudinal study was carried out. 54 patients with the characteristics indicated were studied, which were grouped in a control group (n=16) with adequate anticoagulation and a study group (n=38) also with adequate anticoagulation. Sociodemographic, clinical and laboratory variables were studied. Results: A total of 16 patients presented adequate level of anticoagulation and, in 38, level of anticoagulation was inadequate. Sodium warfarin was indicated more in patients with mechanical cardiac valve prostheses (20.0per cent), and inadequate anticoagulation was more common in these. The factors most related to adequate anticoagulation were frequent medical supervision (p=0.0000), who did not use drugs that interfere with the action of the drug (p=0.0000) and treatment compliance (p=0.0000). In 22 patients there were hemorrhagic complications and the most common was cerebral hemorrhage and, 16, they presented thromboembolic complications and the most frequent was cerebral embolism. Three patients died from bleeding complications and 9 from thromboembolic complications. In 21 patients the indication of the drug was inappropriate. Conclusions: the need to control the adequate therapeutic adherence of the patient is revealed because the inadequate anticoagulant effect generates complications that can determine the death of the patient(AU)

Introdução: a prescrição de medicamentos inibidores da vitamina K requer controle do efeito anticoagulante. Objetivo: caracterizar pacientes com histórico de tratamento com varfarina sódica no momento da admissão na unidade de terapia intensiva do Hospital Geral de Ensino Dr Agostinho Neto no período 2016-2018.Método: estudo analítico, retrospectivo e longitudinal. Foram estudados 54 pacientes com as características indicadas, os quais foram agrupados em um grupo controle (n=16) com anticoagulação adequada e um grupo estudo (n=38) também com anticoagulação adequada. Foram estudadas variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas e laboratoriais. Resultados: Um total de 16pacientes apresentou nível adequado de anticoagulação e, em 38, o nível de anticoagulação foi inadequado. A varfarina sódica foi mais indicada em pacientes com próteses valvares cardíacas mecânicas (20,0 por cento), sendo a anticoagulação inadequada mais comum. Os fatores mais relacionados à anticoagulação adequada foram a supervisão médica frequente (p=0,0000), que não utilizou medicamentos que interferem na ação do medicamento (p=0,0000) e adesão ao tratamento (p=0,0000) Em 22 pacientes houve complicações hemorrágicas e a mais comum foi hemorragia cerebral; 16 apresentaram complicações tromboembólicas e a mais frequente foi embolia cerebral. Três pacientes morreram por complicações hemorrágicas e 9 por complicações tromboembólicas. Em 21 pacientes, a indicação do medicamento foi inadequada. Conclusões: a necessidade de controlar a aderência terapêutica adequada do paciente é revelada, pois o efeito anticoagulante inadequado gera complicações que podem determinar a morte do paciente(AU)

Incidence of deep venous thrombosis and stratification of risk groups in a university hospital vascular surgery unit / Incidência de trombose venosa profunda e estratificação dos grupos de risco em serviço de cirurgia vascular de hospital universitário

BACKGROUND: There is a knowledge gap with relation to the true incidence of deep vein thrombosis among patients undergoing vascular surgery procedures in Brazil. This study is designed to support the implementation of a surveillance system to control the quality of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in our country. Investigations in specific institutions have determined the true incidence of deep vein thrombosis and identified risk groups, to enable measures to be taken to ensure adequate prophylaxis and treatment to prevent the condition.OBJECTIVE: To study the incidence of deep venous thrombosis in patients admitted to hospital for non-venous vascular surgery procedures and stratify them into risk groups.METHOD: This was a cross-sectional observational study that evaluated 202 patients from a university hospital vascular surgery clinic between March 2011 and July 2012. The incidence of deep venous thrombosis was determined using vascular ultrasound examinations and the Caprini scale.RESULTS: The mean incidence of deep venous thrombosis in vascular surgery patients was 8.5%. The frequency distribution of patients by venous thromboembolism risk groups was as follows: 8.4% were considered low risk, 17.3% moderate risk, 29.7% high risk and 44.6% were classified as very high risk.CONCLUSION: The incidence of deep venous thrombosis in vascular surgery patients was 8.5%, which is similar to figures reported in the international literature. Most vascular surgery patients were stratified into the high and very high risk for deep venous thrombosis groups.

CONTEXTO: Há lacuna de conhecimento sobre a real incidência de trombose venosa profunda nos pacientes submetidos a procedimentos cirúrgicos vasculares no Brasil. A atual pesquisa pretende corroborar a implementação de um sistema de vigilância e controle sobre a qualidade de profilaxia de tromboembolismo venoso em nosso meio. As investigações, em cada instituição, permitiriam revelar a incidência de trombose venosa profunda e a identificação dos grupos de risco, a fim de assumir medidas para obter profilaxia e terapêutica adequadas contra essa afecção.OBJETIVO: Estudar a incidência de trombose venosa profunda e estratificar os grupos de risco em pacientes internados, submetidos a procedimentos cirúrgicos vasculares não venosos.MÉTODO: Estudo observacional transversal, que avaliou 202 pacientes da Clínica de Cirurgia Vascular de um hospital universitário, entre março de 2011 e julho de 2012. A incidência de trombose venosa profunda foi determinada por meio de exame ultrassonográfico vascular, realizado em todos os pacientes. Os fatores de riscos de cada paciente foram estratificados de acordo com a escala Caprini.RESULTADOS: A média de incidência de trombose venosa profunda na Cirurgia Vascular foi de 8,5%. Em relação aos grupos de risco para tromboembolismo venoso, 8,4% foram considerados de baixo risco, 17,3% de moderado risco, 29,7% de alto risco e 44,6% de altíssimo risco.CONCLUSÃO: A incidência de trombose venosa profunda na Cirurgia Vascular foi de 8,5%, semelhante à registrada na literatura internacional. A maior parte dos pacientes cirúrgicos vasculares é estratificada em alto e altíssimo risco para trombose venosa profunda.

Mortality rate after open Roux-in-Y gastric bypass: a 10-year follow-up

The prevalence of obesity has increased to epidemic status worldwide. Thousands of morbidly obese individuals undergo bariatric surgery for sustained weight loss; however, mid- and long-term outcomes of this surgery are still uncertain. Our objective was to estimate the 10-year mortality rate, and determine risk factors associated with death in young morbidly obese adults who underwent bariatric surgery. All patients who underwent open Roux-in-Y gastric bypass surgery between 2001 and 2010, covered by an insurance company, were analyzed to determine possible associations between risk factors present at the time of surgery and deaths related and unrelated to the surgery. Among the 4344 patients included in the study, 79% were female with a median age of 34.9 years and median body mass index (BMI) of 42 kg/m2. The 30-day and 10-year mortality rates were 0.55 and 3.34%, respectively, and 53.7% of deaths were related to early or late complications following bariatric surgery. Among these, 42.7% of the deaths were due to sepsis and 24.3% to cardiovascular complications. Male gender, age ≥50 years, BMI ≥50 kg/m2, and hypertension significantly increased the hazard for all deaths (P<0.001). Age ≥50 years, BMI ≥50 kg/m2, and surgeon inexperience elevated the hazard of death from causes related to surgery. Male gender and age ≥50 years were the factors associated with increased mortality from death not related to surgery. The overall risk of death after bariatric surgery was quite low, and half of the deaths were related to the surgery. Older patients and superobese patients were at greater risk of surgery-related deaths, as were patients operated on by less experienced surgeons.

Mitral Valve Repair in Rheumatics: is it still Worthwhile?

Prosthetic valve replacement in young patients carries increased morbidity and mortality; even with recent types and models of prostheses. Fortunately; rheumatic mitral regurgitation in this young population group is amenable to repair; although the results are less favourable than those ob- served with other types of mitral valve disease and in older populations. A better knowledge of the pathology and evolution of repair techniques has improved results. Hence mitral valve repair is still worthwhile; even in rheumatic pathology and; the percentage of valves repaired; increases with the experience and the will of the surgeon to preserve the valve. Mitral valve replacement can only be justified when good repair is not feasible. It is vital that the surgeon has adequate experience which can only be gained by exposure to enough patients with this condition. Most of these patients are in developing countries and hampered by socio-economic conditions - which means 1st World surgeons get limited required exposure

Avaliação da eficácia da captura de êmbolos in vitro dos filtros de veia cava de Greenfield e Braile / Evaluation of the efficacy of in vitro emboli capture using Greenfield and Braile vena cava filters

Objetivo: O objetivo do estudo foi comparar a eficácia dos filtros de veia cava Braile e Greenfield na retenção de coágulos em modelo in vitro. Método: Foram avaliados, em estudo in vitro, os filtros Greenfield e Braile. Utilizou-se sangue de boi e tubos de silicone de 3 mm de diâmetro para confeccionar trombos com comprimentos de 10, 15, 20 e 30 mm. Os filtros foram introduzidos e fixados no interior de um tubo de silicone de 30 mm de diâmetro, em posição vertical, e conectados a um sistema pulsátil de fluxo (bomba peristáltica-Braile Biomédica). Uma solução salina (0,9 por cento) com 40 por cento de glicerina foi utilizda como veículo, sendo mantida em temperatura ambiente. O fluxo foi de 21/min e foram realizadas 50 librações de trombos isoladamente para cada comprimento de êmbolo, totalizando 200 eventos, com verificação das suas captações em cada liberação. Para análise estatística, foi utilizado o teste exato de Fisher, considerando erro alfa de 5 por cento. Resultado: A eficácia na captura do filtro de Greenfield foi de 78,5 por cento dos eventos e de 92 por cento para o filtro de Braile, diferença estatisticamente ignificante. Conclusão: Conclui-se que o filtro de Braile mostrou-se mais eficaz na captura de êmbolos em estudo in vitro do que o de Greenfield.

Bloqueios de ramo e bloqueios atrioventriculares como complicaçöes do infarto agudo do miocárdio na era trombolítica / Bundle branch and atrioventricular block as complications of acute myocardial infarction in the thrombolytic era

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the incidence of intraventricular and atrioventricular conduction defects associated with acute myocardial infarction and the degree of in hospital mortality resulting from this condition during the era of thrombolytic therapy. METHODS: Observational study of a cohort of 929 consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction. Multivariate analysis by logistic regression. Was used. RESULTS: Logistic regression showed a greater incidence of bundle branch block in male sex (odds ratio = 1.87, 95 per cent CI = 1.02-3.42), age over 70 years (odds ratio = 2.31, 95 per cent CI = 1.68-5.00), anterior localization of the infarction (odds ratio = 1.93, 95 per cent CI = 1.03-3.65). There was a greater incidence of complete atrioventricular block in inferior infarcts (odds ratio = 2.59, 95 per cent CI 1.30-5.18) and the presence of cardiogenic shock (odds ratio = 3.90, 95 per cent CI = 1.43-10.65). Use of a thrombolytic agent was associated with a tendency toward a lower occurrence of bundle branch block (odds ratio = 0.68) and a greater occurrence of complete atrioventricular block (odds ratio = 1.44). The presence of bundle branch block (odds ratio = 2.45 95 per cent , CI = 1.14-5.28) and of complete atrioventricular block (odds ratio = 13.59, 95 per cent CI = 5.43-33.98) was associated with a high and independent probability of inhospital death. CONCLUSION: During the current era of thrombolytic therapy and in this population, intraventricular disturbances of electrical conduction and complete atrioventricular block were associated with a high and independent risk of inhospital death during acute myocardial infarction.

Tromboembolia pulmonar / Lung Thromboemboliam

La tromboembolia pulmonar (TEP) constituye una importante cuasa de morbilidad y mortalidad, en pacientes hospitalizados. Por lo general requiieren cuidados intensivos para su alivio. La fuente emboligena en la mayoria de los casos son las trombosis venosas profundas de los iembros inferiores, en especial del sistema ileofemoral; suele ser complicacion postoperatoria de cirugias abdominales, ginecologicas u otras. Factores predisponentes para TEP son: varices de miembros inferiores, insuficiencia cardiaca congestiva, carcinomas, cirugias pelvicas y abdominales recientes, obesidad, reposo con inmovilizacion prolongada, estrogenoterapia y embarazo entre las mas importantes: las manifestaciones clinicas son inespecificas y de lo mas variadas, pudiendo presentarse la muerte subita, la gamagrafia de ventilacion-perfusion es de gran utilidad diagnostica y de las invasivas, la angiografia pulmonar es definitiva.

Trombosis venosa cerebral en puerperio: presentación de un caso / Cerebral venous thrombosis in puerperium: report of a case

Se presenta un caso de muerte materna ocasionada el noveno día de puerperio postcesárea, secundario a fenómeno tromboembólico en el sistema venoso cerebral; no hubieron antecedentes personales patológicos de importancia. El curso del embarazo fue normal, el cual se resolvió mediante operación cesárea indicada por SCP de causa materna; el producto de la concepción se obtuvo en buenas condiciones y la evolución transoperatoria y postoperatoria inmediata fue satisfactoria siendo dada de alta el tercer día postquirúrgico; sin embargo, el noveno día de postoperatorio, presentó fenómeno tromboembólico, manifestado en un principio por datos de isquemia cerebral leve, pero que en un lapso de cuatro horas causó la muerte de la paciente. El caso fue manejado por los servicios de Neurología y Cardiología, incluyéndose en la impresión diagnóstica de: Trombosis venosa cerebral probablemente del seno longitudinal superior